Authors

J Faria¹;  ¹ The Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK

Discussion

Authors: Joana Faria1#, Hideharu Hashimoto2, Michele Tinti1, Catarina de Almeida Marques1§, Erik Debler2, David Horn1
Affiliations: 1The Wellcome Trust Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK 2Thomas Jefferson University, Locust Street, JAH 411F, Philadelphia, USA.
#Current address: York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, UK §Current address: Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, G12 8TA Glasgow, UK
Allelic-exclusion mechanisms, including those that underpin antigenic variation in parasites and olfaction in mammals, are not fully understood, remaining one of the greatest outstanding mysteries in eukaryotic biology. In African trypanosomes, immune evasion involves expression of a single Variant-Surface-Glycoprotein (VSG) gene in a dedicated sub-nuclear expression factory. VSG-exclusion-1 (VEX1) and VEX2 are concentrated at the splicing and transcription compartments, respectively (PMIDs: 31289266 & 33432154). Here, using ChIP-Seq, we show that VEX2 is associated with the active-VSG expression-site, forming an allele-specific bridge, via VEX1, to a trans-splicing locus on another chromosome. Further, single cell RNA-Seq analysis following VEX2 depletion revealed the simultaneous expression of several VSGs and showed: 1) the number of simultaneously active VSGs that can be tolerated; 2) a hierarchy of VSG transcriptional derepression. Moreover, VEX2 is a large protein that forms a native multimeric complex of approximately 1 MDa. In vitro data using a recombinant helicase core showed that it is an RNA-DNA helicase. To assess whether this helicase activity was required for VSG-monogenic-expression, we established a FACS-based CRISPR-Cas9-mediated saturation mutagenesis assay combined with amplicon-Seq profiling. Replacement of a critical amino acid in the helicase core by any other amino acid disrupted allelic exclusion. This phenotype was only rescued by synonymous mutations. Finally, we found that VEX1 and VEX2 interact via their N- and C-termini, respectively and reciprocal turnover control limits the abundance and maintains sequestration of the complex. This work begins to reveal the mechanism by which the VEX complex sustains VSG-monogenic-expression in African trypanosomes.