Authors

Discussion

Fasciola hepatica modulates host immune responses to establish long-lived infections. Within hours of infection F. hepatica polarises the immune system by driving Th2/ Treg responses. This anti-inflammatory strategy is via the secretion of molecules that interact with innate immune cells by reducing their ability to promote Th1/Th17 responses.  The molecular mechanisms underpinning this modulation have not been resolved and extracellular vesicles (EVs) maybe carriers of immune-modulators. Using transmission electron microscopy to purify EVs, a proteomic lead approach (Gel based: 1D and 2D electrophoresis and Western blotting; Gel-Free: LC-MSMS and FIE-MS) has been developed to identify likely ISMs, peptides and metabolites present in EVs.  Newly identified ISMs and whole EVs will be examined for their interaction with host immune cells, utilising in vitro cell cultures. The experimental results gained will lead to increased knowledge of the Fasciola hepatica EV proteomic profile and a greater understanding upon EV function, involving host-parasite immune interactions. This research will provide valuable information to identify ideal candidates, suitable for vaccine formulation, to sustain the control of fascioliasis.